dos. Product and methods

Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>

Particularly, brand new WBQ brings: (A) study into character of fellow member; (B) tape off usage toward time of the earlier in the day times out of strong and you will water food, liquid otherwise drinks off a semi-quantitative dinner regularity questionnaire (FFQ) away from 58 meals validated to own estimating times consumption in addition to extra glucose and you will honey that’s set in products; and you will (C) estimate off exercise with regards to the latest Globally Physical activity Survey (IPAQ) , and this suggestions lifetime of physical working out at three pastime membership (serious, average, mild do so) otherwise inactive criteria. The latest IPAQ could have been validated before because the a combination-national means having tape physical working out [20,21,22] also to estimate energy expense.

The power and liquids articles away from registered dinners and you can drinks is examined utilising the Diet plan Studies In addition to (Wadsworth Posting kissbrides.com navigate here Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), hence spends structure investigation regarding USDA Federal Mineral Database and picked Greek snacks (we.age., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soups, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Centered on total time consumption and energy expenses, time balance is evaluated as well.

In this data, “drinks” identifies fruit juices otherwise packaged juices 100% without glucose content, sugar-sweet tasting drinks (SSDs) (fresh fruit nectar which have sugar, soft drinks that have sugar and energy/isotonic beverages), low-calorie sodas, beverage and you may herbal infusions, milk products (all kinds of milk products, delicious chocolate milk and cocoa drink), milkshake and you will sherbets, coffee and coffees drinks, and you can liquor (beer, wines and all of brand of alcohol). “Take in opportunity consumption (DEI)” makes reference to opportunity intake regarding products “overall opportunity intake (TEI)” so you’re able to energy consumption regarding the supply and you will “opportunity intake off ingredients” to times intake regarding solid and fluid foods (e.grams., soups). The new sum off drinks groups so you’re able to full times consumption (study off Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), displayed because total drinking habits (TWI), i.e., water from beverages, liquid, good and you can water ingredients and also as take in drinking habits (DWI), we.e., water from beverages and water.

3. Mathematical Investigation

Results are presented since mean ± sd for the generally marketed details and you may average (P25–P75) towards skewed of these. Normality try checked out utilising the possibilities–opportunities patch (P–P plot) and you will histograms. Differences between men about your complete times intake, energy off products, energy from products, times expense, times equilibrium, drinking habits, drinking water away from water and you will products, h2o out of beverages, drinking water regarding liquids, h2o regarding snacks, liquids losses and you can liquid harmony was basically reviewed on the separate sample t-take to for the generally speaking marketed details while the Mann-Whittney U-attempt into the skewed ones. Also, differences when considering the latest five quartiles of your energy off products have been reviewed towards one-means ANOVA F-decide to try for the generally marketed details as well as the Kruskal-Wallis H Decide to try on skewed of them. Significance peak are put within 5%. Correlations involving the share regarding products to drinking habits from inside the relatives so you’re able to time in winter and you can summer was basically checked by Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s relationship coefficients to own usually delivered or skewed parameters. Most of the statistical analyses did having fun with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).